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The unimaginable tragedy of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has forced millions of Ukrainian refugees to flee into neighbouring countries, seeking protection. They’ve been met with overwhelming support and generosity by ordinary people offering clothes, food, transport and even their homes.
These humanitarian efforts quickly gathered traction online, with people using a plethora of WhatsApp and Facebook groups to coordinate support.
Soon websites and platforms opened their doors, dedicated to connecting those willing to help with those in need. These include A Roof, Shelter 4 UA, Homes for Ukraine, AirBnb, Host 4 Ukraine, Ukraine Take Shelter, Ukraine Shelter, Refugees.ro, Unitado, Ukraine Now and EU4UA.
These initiatives have allowed the public to support Ukrainian refugees.
However, while some of the above-mentioned initiatives are developed with privacy, safety, and security in mind, many of these well-meaning projects have been developed with limited humanitarian knowledge, and without collaboration with governments or experienced NGOs. As such, they also risk opening the door for human trafficking and exploitation.
The risk is real and worrying
People displaced by wars are at risk of human trafficking and exploitation. In 2018, United Nations research showed a drastic increase in the number of human trafficking victims from conflict areas such as Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan and Myanmar.
These victims can end up in some of the worst forms of modern slavery, such as forced labour, forced marriage, sexual slavery or exploitation as part of armed groups.
Similar trends have already been seen in the war in Ukraine. Reports indicate perpetrators and traffickers have tried to exploit Ukrainian refugees by confiscating IDs, demanding labour or sexual services, or targeting help only to young women.
This builds on an already well-established industry of criminal networks operating between Ukraine and countries in Europe and Central Asia.
According to Unicef, more than 500 unaccompanied children were identified crossing into Romania from Ukraine between February 24 and March 17 alone. Secretary general of Missing Children Europe, Aagje Ieven, has said:
There are so many children […] that we lost track of […] This is a huge problem, not just because it means they easily go missing, and are difficult to find, but also because it makes trafficking so easy.
So while most offers of online support are well intended, the risk for perpetrators to infiltrate is real and worrying.
Platforms should shoulder responsibility
Ukrainian refugees arriving in neighbouring countries are exhausted and traumatised. When looking for services such as housing, transport, jobs and medicine, they shouldn’t bear the burden of having to ensure the offers presented on platforms are legitimate.
Background checks are a genuinely challenging task, even for mature institutions. And criminals are becoming increasingly skilled at bypassing the barriers built into these checks.
But without such checks, all parties — including those offering support — are at risk. Platforms have a duty to collaborate with the relevant experts and present only verified offers to refugees.
A leading example is A Roof, an initiative led and co-created with government bodies and national and international NGOs with relevant experience in humanitarian crises.
This platform declares that after receiving an offer, they check the credibility of the people making the offer and any conditions attached to it. Only then do the people providing the service are able to connect with the refugees. This platform also presents clear rules of engagement for all parties involved.
On the other hand, other platforms leave background checks to the refugees, offering only warning messages such as:
The platform functions as an emergency aggregator and does not ensure the validity of all data. We urge you to confirm the credibility of all those who you contact for any service. (Refugees.ro)
We provide refugees with a guide of some safety notes for contacting hosts. Refugees are ultimately responsible for their own safety. (Ukraine Take Shelter)
Many media outlets have endorsed and promoted these initiatives, including the two above, without asking vital questions regarding safety, security and privacy. Such endorsements can make an entity seem trustworthy to those desperately seeking help.
Protection for those wanting to help
The privacy of those offering support should also be protected by the platforms they are trusting with their data. In most cases these data will include their full name, email address, phone numbers, home address and pictures.
Some of the more reliable platforms declare the personal data received are only used to facilitate contact between hosts and refugees, and only made available to the entrusted organisation (generally a specialised NGO or government agency).
Some platforms display users’ full names, emails, home addresses and pictures for all to see. This places individuals at risk of having their details scraped, sold and used for fraud or exploitation.
Matches between refugees and hosts should be clearly recorded and shared with authorities upon request. Without this, there are opportunities for perpetrators to groom or scam victims without leaving a trace.
Looking ahead
Those who have developed solutions to help Ukrainian refugees should be celebrated, and this article isn’t intended to take away from their efforts.
However, it’s unreasonable to expect that vulnerable refugees — many of whom are arriving in countries where they don’t speak the local language — should be the ones ensuring the credibility of offers.
Platforms facilitating humanitarian efforts shouldn’t be able to ignore safety, security and privacy recommendations by hiding behind “terms and conditions”. It has been almost two months since the invasion started, so the initial excuse that there was no time to implement these measures no longer holds up.
Moving forward, developers of existing platforms should work closely with experienced organisations to ensure the safety, security and privacy of their users. At the same time, members of the public wanting to offer support and the media are advised to use, support and promote platforms only after checking if they have such measures in place.
This analysis does not include an exhaustive mapping of all the existing initiatives. What is more, this analysis was run on the 28th of March 2022 and there is an acknowledgement that those platforms are in constant change, and hopefully for the best.
Adriana E. Bora is PhD Candidate, Queensland University of Technology
Disclosure statement
Adriana E. Bora does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
This article is a reproduction of the original article that can be found here.